I can't see anything that looks like a hardware failure in those logs.
Not being able to boot to the desktop can typically be a result of a dying hard disk where data is starting to get corrupted,but SMART reported perfect health for all of your hard drives.
If other hardware parts were defect,that would typically show other symptoms,like not starting at all,crashing completely after a short time or getting very hot.
If the system boots and only the desktop can't start,that's almost always related to either a wrong configuration (which is unlikely when the same config worked previously) or corrupted files (which can happen through software as well,doesn't always indicate a hardware issue).
If it happens again,try force-reinstalling Xorg and the important desktop components,or show me your Xorg.0.log.
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