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31st July 2008
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I. Treating 'iso-itis' in an OpenBSD environment with USBmediazine®
I. Treating 'iso-itis' in an OpenBSD environment with USBmediazine®
Note: This article/guide has been written in the summer of 2007, a couple of weeks before the first complete installation ISO (installer and filesets) files turned up in the 4.1 snapshots. This was a major change of policy, because previously the ISO only was about 5 MB and only contained the installation program. So Please read the following with this in mind 
'iso-itis' is a delusion or fixed false belief that the only way to install an operating system on a computer, is to burn a downloaded ISO image to CD and use this CD to install. Alternative installation methods are just plainly ignored. Cases are known where patients seriously suffering from this disease, have stolen money from the savings box of their little brother or sister, to buy recordable CDs. And this just to satisfy their irresistible. urge of an ISO install of their favorite OS. Iso-itis patients who downloaded an official OpenBSD ISO, however wait a terrible disappointment. The downloaded ISO only contains the OpenBSD installation program and not the actual files needed for installation. These files or install sets, are not included in the ISO image and should be retrieved from other media. Although this fact and the reasoning for it, is clearly stated in http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq3.html#ISO, the impossibility to install with this ISO, shatters their beliefs and causes bewilderment and serious dis-orientation. Overview of existing traditional 'iso-itis' remedies Quite some other iso-itis treatments, have been mentioned in literature, but most of them lack a detailed description or only seem applicable to upgrades of existing systems.
Like many scientific discoveries, the basis of this remedy was found by accident. The USBmediazine® approach has been discovered, when the author of this article noticed, that the OpenBSD installer successfully detected an USB flashdrive, which he forgot to remove the night before. To his surprise the device was even proposed as possible source to copy the installation files from. Considering the availability of affordable supported USB hardware with sufficient storage capacity, author expresses the belief that the USBmediazine® approach is an attractive alternative for the existing traditional therapies. To treat iso-itis we will show how to use an USB device as information carrier for the install sets. While booting, the OpenBSD installation program will probe for USB devices. The detected USB storage devices will be offered as source to copy the install sets from. IMPORTANT: Due to the limited resources, the capability to dynamically detect USB devices is not present in the stripped down installation kernel. The USB device, containing the install sets, must be inserted before the installation program is started. Insertion halfway during the install will not be noticed and thus lead to failure. Although we will use an OBSD snapshot instead of an OBSD release, this method has been successfully tested with releases in a clinical environment. Physical requirements for the USBmediazine® therapy
Code:
100,767 Jun 20 18:06 INSTALL.i386
22,354 Jun 20 18:06 INSTALL.linux
1,019 Jun 20 18:06 MD5
42,550,189 Jun 20 18:06 base41.tgz
6,145,660 Jun 20 18:06 bsd
6,194,002 Jun 20 18:06 bsd.mp
5,027,399 Jun 20 18:06 bsd.rd
5,144,576 Jun 20 18:06 cd41.iso
44,368 Jun 20 18:06 cdboot
2,048 Jun 20 18:06 cdbr
3,012,608 Jun 20 18:06 cdemu41.iso
2,949,120 Jun 20 18:06 cdrom41.fs
78,804,008 Jun 20 18:06 comp41.tgz
1,240,440 Jun 20 18:06 etc41.tgz
1,474,560 Jun 20 18:06 floppy41.fs
1,474,560 Jun 20 18:06 floppyB41.fs
1,474,560 Jun 20 18:06 floppyC41.fs
2,608,788 Jun 20 18:06 game41.tgz
263 May 05 10:04 index.txt
7,658,376 Jun 20 18:06 man41.tgz
2,292,841 Jun 20 18:06 misc41.tgz
52,864 Jun 20 18:06 pxeboot
11,956,269 Jun 10 12:11 xbase41.tgz
75,554 Jun 10 12:11 xetc41.tgz
35,579,466 Jun 10 12:11 xfont41.tgz
10,348,663 Jun 10 12:11 xserv41.tgz
2,547,511 Jun 10 12:11 xshare41.tgz
Code:
$ env BLOCKSIZE=$((1024*1024)) ls -l /mnt/obsd total 201 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 42550189 Jun 22 04:57 base41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 6145660 Jun 22 04:56 bsd -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 6194002 Jun 22 04:56 bsd.mp -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 5027399 Jun 22 04:55 bsd.rd -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 78804008 Jun 22 04:55 comp41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 1240440 Jun 22 04:53 etc41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 7658376 Jun 22 04:53 man41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 2292841 Jun 22 04:57 misc41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 11956269 Jun 22 05:03 xbase41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 75554 Jun 22 05:03 xetc41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 35579466 Jun 22 05:02 xfont41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 10348663 Jun 22 05:01 xserv41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 2547511 Jun 22 05:01 xshare41.tgz
Side-effects Wide proliferation of USBmediazine® could possibly harm the sales of OpenBSD release CDs. The proceeds of these CD's is a major form of funding the OpenBSD project To minimize this side-effect and thus not endanger the financial future of the OpenBSD project, the therapist is required to use http://openbsd.org/donations.html to donate a percentage of his USBmediazine® generated income. He also should encourage the cured patients to do likewise. USBmediazine® session transcripts Part II is a transcript of a main therapy session where OpenBSD is installed using a 'cd41.iso>' CD. The installation file sets will be retrieved from a SD (Secure Digital) card in an USB card-reader. The transcript in part III demonstrates the optional ISO-less therapy with the 'bsd.rd' installation kernel. This type of install can only be done on top of an existing OpenBSD system and is a favorite way to reinstall or upgrade. An USB flash memory disk is used as storage medium for the file sets. Both these transcripts are solely meant to demonstrate the USBmediazine® method and should not be regarded in any way as a substitute for the excellent official OpenBSD installation guide at http://openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html. $Id: new-iso-itis.xml,v 1.11 2007/06/27 04:41:19 j65nko Exp $ $Id: vbul-html.xsl,v 1.6 2007/06/27 04:49:57 j65nko Exp $
__________________
You don't need to be a genius to debug a pf.conf firewall ruleset, you just need the guts to run tcpdump 
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31st July 2008
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II. USBmediazine® OpenBSD install using 'cd41.iso' and SD card in USB card reader
II. USBmediazine® OpenBSD install using 'cd41.iso' and SD card in USB card reader
This transcript, captured with a serial console, demonstrates how USBmediazine® complements the CD created from a 'cd41.iso' image. Although not an obvious choice for an USB device, a Secure Digital card in an USB card reader shows the flexibility and physical media independence of the USBmediazine® approach. To copy the installation files in the current working directory to a SD card under OpenBSD, use the following steps:
Code:
Boot from ATAPI CD-ROM :
1. No Emulation System Type-(00)
CD-ROM: 9F
Loading /4.1/i386/CDBOOT
probing: pc0 com0 com1 apm mem[640K 127M a20=on]
disk: fd0 hd0+* cd0
>> OpenBSD/i386 CDBOOT 2.01
boot>
booting cd0a:/4.1/i386/bsd.rd: 4695092+743480/[52+173024+158611]=0x580d88
entry point at 0x200120
Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1995-2007 OpenBSD. All rights reserved. http://www.OpenBSD.org
OpenBSD 4.1-current (RAMDISK_CD) #400: Wed Jun 20 09:50:50 MDT 2007
deraadt@i386.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/RAMDISK_CD
cpu0: Intel Pentium II ("GenuineIntel" 686-class, 512KB L2 cache) 268 MHz
cpu0: FPU,V86,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,MMX
real mem = 133791744 (127MB)
avail mem = 123408384 (117MB)
mainbus0 at root
bios0 at mainbus0: AT/286+ BIOS, date 10/26/99, BIOS32 rev. 0 @ 0xf04d0
apm0 at bios0: Power Management spec V1.2
apm0: flags 30102 dobusy 0 doidle 1
pcibios0 at bios0: rev 2.1 @ 0xf0000/0xd52
pcibios0: PCI IRQ Routing Table rev 1.0 @ 0xf0cc0/144 (7 entries)
pcibios0: PCI Interrupt Router at 000:04:0 ("Intel 82371FB ISA" rev 0x00)
pcibios0: PCI bus #1 is the last bus
bios0: ROM list: 0xc0000/0x8000 0xc8000/0x800
cpu0 at mainbus0
pci0 at mainbus0 bus 0: configuration mode 1 (no bios)
pchb0 at pci0 dev 0 function 0 "Intel 82443LX AGP" rev 0x03
ppb0 at pci0 dev 1 function 0 "Intel 82443LX AGP" rev 0x03
pci1 at ppb0 bus 1
pcib0 at pci0 dev 4 function 0 "Intel 82371AB PIIX4 ISA" rev 0x01
pciide0 at pci0 dev 4 function 1 "Intel 82371AB IDE" rev 0x01: DMA, channel 0 wired to
compatibility, channel 1 wired to compatibility
wd0 at pciide0 channel 0 drive 0: <WDC AC28400R>
wd0: 16-sector PIO, LBA, 8063MB, 16514064 sectors
wd0(pciide0:0:0): using PIO mode 4, Ultra-DMA mode 2
atapiscsi0 at pciide0 channel 1 drive 0
scsibus0 at atapiscsi0: 2 targets
cd0 at scsibus0 targ 0 lun 0: <E-IDE, CD-ROM 32X/AKU, U10I> SCSI0 5/cdrom removable
cd0(pciide0:1:0): using PIO mode 4, Ultra-DMA mode 2
uhci0 at pci0 dev 4 function 2 "Intel 82371AB USB" rev 0x01: irq 10
"Intel 82371AB Power" rev 0x01 at pci0 dev 4 function 3 not configured
vga1 at pci0 dev 10 function 0 "S3 ViRGE DX/GX" rev 0x01
wsdisplay0 at vga1 mux 1: console (80x25, vt100 emulation)
fxp0 at pci0 dev 13 function 0 "Intel 8255x" rev 0x05, i82558: irq 10, address
00:08:c7:25:dc:22
inphy0 at fxp0 phy 1: i82555 10/100 PHY, rev. 0
isa0 at pcib0
isadma0 at isa0
pckbc0 at isa0 port 0x60/5
pckbd0 at pckbc0 (kbd slot)
pckbc0: using irq 1 for kbd slot
wskbd0 at pckbd0: console keyboard, using wsdisplay0
npx0 at isa0 port 0xf0/16: reported by CPUID; using exception 16
pccom0 at isa0 port 0x3f8/8 irq 4: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo
pccom0: console
pccom1 at isa0 port 0x2f8/8 irq 3: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo
fdc0 at isa0 port 0x3f0/6 irq 6 drq 2
fd0 at fdc0 drive 0: 1.44MB 80 cyl, 2 head, 18 sec
usb0 at uhci0: USB revision 1.0
uhub0 at usb0: Intel UHCI root hub, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1
biomask ffe5 netmask ffe5 ttymask ffe7
rd0: fixed, 3800 blocks
umass0 at uhub0 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0
umass0: vendor 0x05e3 USB Storage, rev 2.00/93.21, addr 2
umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only
scsibus1 at umass0: 2 targets
sd0 at scsibus1 targ 1 lun 0: <Generic, STORAGE DEVICE, 9321> SCSI0 0/direct removable
sd0: drive offline
sd1 at scsibus1 targ 1 lun 1: <Generic, STORAGE DEVICE, 9321> SCSI0 0/direct removable
sd1: drive offline
sd2 at scsibus1 targ 1 lun 2: <Generic, STORAGE DEVICE, 9321> SCSI0 0/direct removable
sd2: 485MB, 61 cyl, 255 head, 63 sec, 512 bytes/sec, 994304 sec total
sd3 at scsibus1 targ 1 lun 3: <Generic, STORAGE DEVICE, 9321> SCSI0 0/direct removable
sd3: drive offline
dkcsum: wd0 matches BIOS drive 0x80
root on rd0a swap on rd0b dump on rd0b
Confirm start of install Code:
erase ^?, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T (I)nstall, (U)pgrade or (S)hell? i Code:
Welcome to the OpenBSD/i386 4.1 install program. This program will help you install OpenBSD. At any prompt except password prompts you can escape to a shell by typing '!'. Default answers are shown in []'s and are selected by pressing RETURN. At any time you can exit this program by pressing Control-C, but exiting during an install can leave your system in an inconsistent state. Code:
Terminal type? [vt220] Enter
kbd(8) mapping? ('L' for list) [none] Enter
Code:
IS YOUR DATA BACKED UP? As with anything that modifies disk contents, this program can cause SIGNIFICANT data loss. It is often helpful to have the installation notes handy. For complex disk configurations, relevant disk hardware manuals and a calculator are useful. Proceed with install? [no] yes Code:
Cool! Let's get to it. You will now initialize the disk(s) that OpenBSD will use. To enable all available security features you should configure the disk(s) to allow the creation of separate filesystems for /, /tmp, /var, /usr, and /home. Available disks are: wd0 sd0 sd1 sd2 sd3. Code:
Which one is the root disk? (or 'done') [done] wd0 Do you want to use *all* of wd0 for OpenBSD? [no] Enter You will now create a single MBR partition to contain your OpenBSD data. This partition must have an id of 'A6'; must *NOT* overlap other partitions; and must be marked as the only active partition. The 'manual' command describes all the fdisk commands in detail. Disk: wd0 geometry: 1027/255/63 [16514064 Sectors] Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ *0: 0C 0 1 1 - 1026 254 63 [ 63: 16498692 ] Win95 FAT32L 1: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 3: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused Enter 'help' for information fdisk: 1> help help Command help list manual Show entire OpenBSD man page for fdisk reinit Re-initialize loaded MBR (to defaults) setpid Set the identifier of a given table entry disk Edit current drive stats edit Edit given table entry flag Flag given table entry as bootable update Update machine code in loaded MBR select Select extended partition table entry MBR swap Swap two partition entries print Print loaded MBR partition table write Write loaded MBR to disk exit Exit edit of current MBR, without saving changes quit Quit edit of current MBR, saving current changes abort Abort program without saving current changes Code:
fdisk: 1> reinit In memory copy is initialized to: Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 1: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused *3: A6 0 1 1 - 1026 254 63 [ 63: 16498692 ] OpenBSD Use 'write' to update disk. fdisk:*1> write Writing MBR at offset 0. Code:
fdisk: 1> quit Here is the partition information you chose: Disk: wd0 geometry: 1027/255/63 [16514064 Sectors] Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 1: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused *3: A6 0 1 1 - 1026 254 63 [ 63: 16498692 ] OpenBSD Sub-partition OpenBSD MBR partition with 'disklabel' Code:
You will now create an OpenBSD disklabel inside the OpenBSD MBR
partition. The disklabel defines how OpenBSD splits up the MBR partition
into OpenBSD partitions in which filesystems and swap space are created.
The offsets used in the disklabel are ABSOLUTE, i.e. relative to the
start of the disk, NOT the start of the OpenBSD MBR partition.
# Inside MBR partition 3: type A6 start 63 size 16498692
Treating sectors 63-16498755 as the OpenBSD portion of the disk.
You can use the 'b' command to change this.
Initial label editor (enter '?' for help at any prompt)
> ?
Available commands:
? [cmnd] - this message or command specific help.
a [part] - add new partition.
b - set OpenBSD disk boundaries.
c [part] - change partition size.
D - set label to default.
d [part] - delete partition.
e - edit drive parameters.
g [d|u] - use [d]isk or [u]ser geometry.
M - show entire OpenBSD man page for disklabel.
m [part] - modify existing partition.
n [part] - set the mount point for a partition.
p [unit] - print label.
q - quit and save changes.
r - recalculate free space.
s [path] - save label to file.
u - undo last change.
w - write label to disk.
X - toggle expert mode.
x - exit without saving changes.
z - zero out partition table.
Numeric parameters may use suffixes to indicate units:
'b' for bytes, 'c' for cylinders, 'k' for kilobytes, 'm' for megabytes,
'g' for gigabytes or no suffix for sectors (usually 512 bytes).
'%' for percent of total disk size, '&' for percent of free space.
Non-sector units will be rounded to the nearest cylinder.
Entering '?' at most prompts will give you (simple) context sensitive help.
Code:
> p device: /dev/rwd0c type: ESDI disk: ESDI/IDE disk label: WDC AC28400R bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 255 sectors/cylinder: 16065 cylinders: 1027 total sectors: 16514064 free sectors: 16498692 rpm: 3600 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] c: 16514064 0 unused 0 0
Code:
> a b offset: [63] Enter size: [16498692] 32m Rounding to cylinder: 80262 FS type: [swap] Enter Code:
Assigned : 80262 x 512 = 41,094,144 bytes
We wanted : 32 x 1024 x 1024 = 33,554,432 bytes
-----------------------------------------------
Difference : 7,539,712 bytes
Code:
> p device: /dev/rwd0c type: ESDI disk: ESDI/IDE disk label: WDC AC28400R bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 255 sectors/cylinder: 16065 cylinders: 1027 total sectors: 16514064 free sectors: 16418430 rpm: 3600 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] b: 80262 63 swap c: 16514064 0 unused 0 0 Code:
> a a offset: [80325] Enter size: [16418430] Enter FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] / Code:
> p device: /dev/rwd0c type: ESDI disk: ESDI/IDE disk label: WDC AC28400R bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 255 sectors/cylinder: 16065 cylinders: 1027 total sectors: 16514064 free sectors: 0 rpm: 3600 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 16418430 80325 4.2BSD 2048 16384 16 # / b: 80262 63 swap c: 16514064 0 unused 0 0 But for didactic reasons and because some prefer to have the swap partition at the end of the disk, we will delete the two partitions. and rearrange them. The 16,418,430 size of the 'a' label, as calculated by 'disklabel' will be reused. Code:
> d a > d b > p device: /dev/rwd0c type: ESDI disk: ESDI/IDE disk label: WDC AC28400R bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 255 sectors/cylinder: 16065 cylinders: 1027 total sectors: 16514064 free sectors: 16498692 rpm: 3600 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] c: 16514064 0 unused 0 0 Code:
> a a offset: [63] Enter size: [16498692] 16418430 FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] / Code:
> a b offset: [16418493] Enter size: [80262] Enter FS type: [swap] Enter > p device: /dev/rwd0c type: ESDI disk: ESDI/IDE disk label: WDC AC28400R bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 255 sectors/cylinder: 16065 cylinders: 1027 total sectors: 16514064 free sectors: 0 rpm: 3600 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 16418430 63 4.2BSD 2048 16384 16 # / b: 80262 16418493 swap c: 16514064 0 unused 0 0 > quit Write new label?: [y] Enter Available disks are: sd0 sd1 sd2 sd3. Which one do you wish to initialize? (or 'done') [done] Enter Code:
OpenBSD filesystems: wd0a / The next step *DESTROYS* all existing data on these partitions! Are you really sure that you're ready to proceed? [no] yes /dev/rwd0a: 8016.8MB in 16418428 sectors of 512 bytes 40 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/wd0a on /mnt type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, ctime=Fri Jun 22 03:14:33 2007) TCP/IP network configuration Code:
System hostname? (short form, e.g. 'foo') protogoras Configure the network? [yes] Enter Available interfaces are: fxp0. Which one do you wish to initialize? (or 'done') [fxp0] Enter Symbolic (host) name for fxp0? [protogoras] Enter The media options for fxp0 are currently media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX full-duplex) Do you want to change the media options? [no] Enter IPv4 address for fxp0? (or 'none' or 'dhcp') 192.168.222.18 Netmask? [255.255.255.0] IPv6 address for fxp0? (or 'rtsol' or 'none') [none] Enter No more interfaces to initialize. DNS domain name? (e.g. 'bar.com') [my.domain] utp.xnet DNS nameserver? (IP address or 'none') [none] 192.168.222.10 Use the nameserver now? [yes] no Default IPv4 route? (IPv4 address, 'dhcp' or 'none') 192.168.222.10 add net default: gateway 192.168.222.10 Edit hosts with ed? [no] Enter Do you want to do any manual network configuration? [no] Enter Password for root Code:
Password for root account? (will not echo) Password for root account? (again) Select SD card in USB card reader Code:
Let's install the sets! Location of sets? (cd disk ftp http or 'done') [cd] disk Is the disk partition already mounted? [no] Enter Available disks are: wd0 sd0 sd1 sd2 sd3. Which one contains the install media? (or 'done') [wd0] sd2 Pathname to the sets? (or 'done') [4.1/i386] obsd INSTALL.i386 not found. Use sets found here anyway? [no] yes Choose file sets Code:
Select sets by entering a set name, a file name pattern or 'all'. De-select sets by prepending a '-' to the set name, file name pattern or 'all'. Selected sets are labelled '[X]'. [X] bsd [X] bsd.rd [ ] bsd.mp [X] base41.tgz [X] etc41.tgz [X] misc41.tgz [X] comp41.tgz [X] man41.tgz [ ] xbase41.tgz [ ] xetc41.tgz [ ] xshare41.tgz [ ] xfont41.tgz [ ] xserv41.tgz Set name? (or 'done') [bsd.mp] x* [X] bsd [X] bsd.rd [ ] bsd.mp [X] base41.tgz [X] etc41.tgz [X] misc41.tgz [X] comp41.tgz [X] man41.tgz [X] xbase41.tgz [X] xetc41.tgz [X] xshare41.tgz [X] xfont41.tgz [X] xserv41.tgz Set name? (or 'done') [bsd.mp] done Copying install sets from SD card Code:
Ready to install sets? [yes] Enter Getting bsd ... 100% |**************************************************| 6001 KB 00:12 ETA Getting bsd.rd ... 100% |**************************************************| 4909 KB 00:09 ETA Getting base41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 41552 KB 01:30 ETA Getting etc41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 1211 KB 00:02 ETA Getting misc41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 2239 KB 00:04 ETA Getting comp41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 76957 KB 02:39 ETA Getting man41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 7478 KB 00:15 ETA Getting xbase41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 11676 KB 00:24 ETA Getting xetc41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 75554 00:00 ETA Getting xshare41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 2487 KB 00:07 ETA Getting xfont41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 34745 KB 01:16 ETA Getting xserv41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 10106 KB 00:22 ETA Location of sets? (cd disk ftp http or 'done') [cd] done Miscellaneous configuration Code:
Start sshd(8) by default? [yes] Enter NTP server? (or 'none' or 'default') [none] 192.168.222.10 Do you expect to run the X Window System? [no] yes Change the default console to com0? [no] Enter Saving configuration files...done. Generating initial host.random file...done. Code:
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [Canada/Mountain] ?
Africa/ Chile/ GB-Eire Israel NZ-CHAT UCT
America/ Cuba GMT Jamaica Navajo US/
Antarctica/ EET GMT+0 Japan PRC UTC
Arctic/ EST GMT-0 Kwajalein PST8PDT Universal
Asia/ EST5EDT GMT0 Libya Pacific/ W-SU
Atlantic/ Egypt Greenwich MET Poland WET
Australia/ Eire HST MST Portugal Zulu
Brazil/ Etc/ Hongkong MST7MDT ROC posix/
CET Europe/ Iceland Mexico/ ROK posixrules
CST6CDT Factory Indian/ Mideast/ Singapore right/
Canada/ GB Iran NZ Turkey zone.tab
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [Canada/Mountain] Europe
What sub-timezone of 'Europe' are you in? ('?' for list) ?
Amsterdam Chisinau Kiev Moscow Sarajevo Vatican
Andorra Copenhagen Lisbon Nicosia Simferopol Vienna
Athens Dublin Ljubljana Oslo Skopje Vilnius
Belfast Gibraltar London Paris Sofia Volgograd
Belgrade Guernsey Luxembourg Podgorica Stockholm Warsaw
Berlin Helsinki Madrid Prague Tallinn Zagreb
Bratislava Isle_of_Man Malta Riga Tirane Zaporozhye
Brussels Istanbul Mariehamn Rome Tiraspol Zurich
Bucharest Jersey Minsk Samara Uzhgorod
Budapest Kaliningrad Monaco San_Marino Vaduz
What sub-timezone of 'Europe' are you in? ('?' for list) Amsterdam
Setting local timezone to 'Europe/Amsterdam'...done.
Device nodes, boot block, 'halt' and reboot Code:
Making all device nodes...done. Installing boot block... boot: /mnt/boot proto: /usr/mdec/biosboot device: /dev/rwd0c /usr/mdec/biosboot: entry point 0 proto bootblock size 512 /mnt/boot is 3 blocks x 16384 bytes fs block shift 2; part offset 63; inode block 144, offset 808 using MBR partition 3: type 166 (0xa6) offset 63 (0x3f) done. CONGRATULATIONS! Your OpenBSD install has been successfully completed! To boot the new system, enter halt at the command prompt. Once the system has halted, reset the machine and boot from the disk. # halt syncing disks... done The operating system has halted. Please press any key to reboot. rebooting $Id: cardreader.xml,v 1.5 2007/06/27 01:41:25 j65nko Exp $ $Id: vbul-html.xsl,v 1.6 2007/06/27 04:49:57 j65nko Exp $
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31st July 2008
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III. USB-mediazine® OpenBSD reinstall using 'bsd.rd' and USB memory stick
III. USB-mediazine® OpenBSD reinstall using 'bsd.rd' and USB memory stick
The following is a transcript of an install of a recent OpenBSD snapshot on a PC running OpenBSD 3.6. This reinstall is done using a 'bsd.rd' install kernel as described in http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html#bsd.rd and with the installation file sets on an USB flash memory drive. We will use the following procedure to copy the 'bsd.rd' install kernel from the USB stick containing the file sets, to the '/' directory of the OpenBSD 3.6 PC. After insertion of the USB flash drive, we check 'dmesg' output. Code:
umass0 at uhub0 port 2 configuration 1 interface 0 umass0: Sony Storage Media, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 2 umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only scsibus0 at umass0: 2 targets sd0 at scsibus0 targ 1 lun 0: <Sony, Storage Media, 0100> SCSI0 0/direct removable sd0: 1920MB, 1920 cyl, 64 head, 32 sec, 512 bytes/sec, 3932160 sec total Code:
$ su - root
Password:
Terminal type? [xterm]
# fdisk sd0
fdisk: sysctl(machdep.bios.diskinfo): Device not configured
Disk: sd0 geometry: 1920/64/32 [3932160 Sectors]
Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55
Starting Ending LBA Info:
#: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*0: 06 0 1 1 - 1919 63 32 [ 32: 3932128 ] DOS > 32MB
1: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
3: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
Code:
# disklabel sd0 disklabel: warning, DOS partition table with no valid OpenBSD partition # /dev/rsd0c: type: SCSI disk: SCSI disk label: Storage Media flags: bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 32 tracks/cylinder: 64 sectors/cylinder: 2048 cylinders: 1920 total sectors: 3932160 rpm: 3600 interleave: 1 trackskew: 0 cylinderskew: 0 headswitch: 0 # microseconds track-to-track seek: 0 # microseconds drivedata: 0 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] c: 3932160 0 unused 0 0 # Cyl 0 - 1919 i: 3932128 32 MSDOS # Cyl 0*- 1919 Mount the USB stick read-only. Code:
# mount -o ro /dev/sd0i /mnt # mount /dev/wd0a on / type ffs (local) /dev/sd0i on /mnt type msdos (local, read-only) Code:
# ls -l /mnt/snap total 414272 -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 1019 May 31 06:37 MD5 -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 42640349 May 31 06:40 base41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 6113799 May 31 06:39 bsd -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 6163453 May 31 06:39 bsd.mp -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 5017801 May 31 06:39 bsd.rd -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 78795861 May 31 06:39 comp41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 1240407 May 31 06:38 etc41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 1474560 May 31 06:38 floppy41.fs -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 7665620 May 31 06:38 man41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 2292830 May 31 06:38 misc41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 11956881 May 31 06:37 xbase41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 75570 May 31 06:37 xetc41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 35582512 May 31 06:37 xfont41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 10347873 May 31 06:37 xserv41.tgz -rwxr-xr-x 1 snap snap 2547392 May 31 06:40 xshare41.tgz # cp /mnt/snap/bsd.rd / # ls -l / total 20620 -rw-r--r-- 2 root wheel 770 Sep 17 2004 .cshrc -rw-r--r-- 2 root wheel 314 Feb 1 2005 .profile drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Sep 17 2004 altroot drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Sep 17 2004 bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 42644 Nov 9 2004 boot -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 5358583 Oct 19 2004 bsd -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 5017801 May 31 07:02 bsd.rd drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 20480 May 31 07:17 dev drwxr-xr-x 17 root wheel 2048 May 31 07:52 etc drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 512 Jan 10 2005 home drwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 16384 Jan 1 1980 mnt drwx------ 3 root wheel 512 May 31 07:52 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 2048 Sep 17 2004 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Sep 17 2004 stand lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 11 Nov 9 2004 sys -> usr/src/sys drwxrwxrwt 2 root wheel 512 May 31 08:16 tmp drwxr-xr-x 15 root wheel 512 Sep 17 2004 usr drwxr-xr-x 22 root wheel 512 Sep 17 2004 var Code:
# shutdown -r now Shutdown NOW! shutdown: [pid 9216] # *** FINAL System shutdown message from j65nko@heraclitus.utp.xnet *** System going down IMMEDIATELY System shutdown time has arrived Code:
>> OpenBSD/i386 BOOT 2.06 boot> /bsd.rd booting hd0a:/bsd.rd: 4687092+742840 [52+172256+157781]=0x57e58c entry point at 0x200120 The safest option is to press the space bar a few times while the system boots. The BIOS will buffer these spaces and those are enough to tell the Second Stage Boot Loader to wait for user input and not to automatically load the default '/bsd' kernel as it is accustomed to. See boot (8) for the details. Boot messages of the bsd ramdisk kernel Code:
Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1995-2007 OpenBSD. All rights reserved. http://www.OpenBSD.org
OpenBSD 4.1-current (RAMDISK_CD) #353: Wed May 30 03:23:45 MDT 2007
deraadt@i386.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/RAMDISK_CD
cpu0: Intel Pentium II ("GenuineIntel" 686-class, 512KB L2 cache) 351 MHz
cpu0: FPU,V86,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,MMX,FXSR
real mem = 133787648 (127MB)
avail mem = 122945536 (117MB)
mainbus0 at root
bios0 at mainbus0: AT/286+ BIOS, date 07/21/98, BIOS32 rev. 0 @ 0xfb280
apm0 at bios0: Power Management spec V1.2
apm0: flags 70102 dobusy 1 doidle 1
pcibios0 at bios0: rev 2.1 @ 0xf0000/0xb6f8
pcibios0: PCI IRQ Routing Table rev 1.0 @ 0xfdd10/144 (7 entries)
pcibios0: PCI Exclusive IRQs: 10 11
pcibios0: PCI Interrupt Router at 000:07:0 ("Intel 82371SB ISA" rev 0x00)
pcibios0: PCI bus #1 is the last bus
bios0: ROM list: 0xc0000/0x8000
cpu0 at mainbus0
pci0 at mainbus0 bus 0: configuration mode 1 (no bios)
pchb0 at pci0 dev 0 function 0 "Intel 82443BX AGP" rev 0x02
ppb0 at pci0 dev 1 function 0 "Intel 82443BX AGP" rev 0x02
pci1 at ppb0 bus 1
pcib0 at pci0 dev 7 function 0 "Intel 82371AB PIIX4 ISA" rev 0x02
pciide0 at pci0 dev 7 function 1 "Intel 82371AB IDE" rev 0x01: DMA, channel 0 wired to
compatibility, channel 1 wired to compatibility
wd0 at pciide0 channel 0 drive 0: <ST32122A>
wd0: 16-sector PIO, LBA, 2014MB, 4124736 sectors
wd0(pciide0:0:0): using PIO mode 4, Ultra-DMA mode 2
pciide0: channel 1 disabled (no drives)
uhci0 at pci0 dev 7 function 2 "Intel 82371AB USB" rev 0x01: irq 11
"Intel 82371AB Power" rev 0x02 at pci0 dev 7 function 3 not configured
vga1 at pci0 dev 10 function 0 "S3 ViRGE DX/GX" rev 0x01
wsdisplay0 at vga1 mux 1: console (80x25, vt100 emulation)
xl0 at pci0 dev 12 function 0 "3Com 3c905B 100Base-TX" rev 0x64: irq 11, address 00:50:04:50:5b:d1
bmtphy0 at xl0 phy 24: Broadcom 3C905B internal PHY, rev. 0
isa0 at pcib0
isadma0 at isa0
pckbc0 at isa0 port 0x60/5
pckbd0 at pckbc0 (kbd slot)
pckbc0: using irq 1 for kbd slot
wskbd0 at pckbd0: console keyboard, using wsdisplay0
npx0 at isa0 port 0xf0/16: reported by CPUID; using exception 16
pccom0 at isa0 port 0x3f8/8 irq 4: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo
pccom0: console
pccom1 at isa0 port 0x2f8/8 irq 3: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo
fdc0 at isa0 port 0x3f0/6 irq 6 drq 2
fd0 at fdc0 drive 0: 1.44MB 80 cyl, 2 head, 18 sec
usb0 at uhci0: USB revision 1.0
uhub0 at usb0
uhub0: Intel UHCI root hub, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
biomask ffe5 netmask ffe5 ttymask ffe7
rd0: fixed, 3800 blocks
umass0 at uhub0 port 2 configuration 1 interface 0
umass0: Sony Storage Media, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 2
umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only
scsibus0 at umass0: 2 targets
sd0 at scsibus0 targ 1 lun 0: <Sony, Storage Media, 0100> SCSI0 0/direct removable
sd0: 1920MB, 244 cyl, 255 head, 63 sec, 512 bytes/sec, 3932160 sec total
dkcsum: wd0 matches BIOS drive 0x80
Confirm the start of the install Code:
root on rd0a swap on rd0b dump on rd0b erase ^?, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T (I)nstall, (U)pgrade or (S)hell? i Code:
Welcome to the OpenBSD/i386 4.1 install program. This program will help you install OpenBSD. At any prompt except password prompts you can escape to a shell by typing '!'. Default answers are shown in []'s and are selected by pressing RETURN. At any time you can exit this program by pressing Control-C, but exiting during an install can leave your system in an inconsistent state. Code:
Terminal type? [vt220] Enter
kbd(8) mapping? ('L' for list) [none] Enter
Code:
IS YOUR DATA BACKED UP? As with anything that modifies disk contents, this program can cause SIGNIFICANT data loss. It is often helpful to have the installation notes handy. For complex disk configurations, relevant disk hardware manuals and a calculator are useful. Proceed with install? [no] yes Code:
Cool! Let's get to it. You will now initialize the disk(s) that OpenBSD will use. To enable all available security features you should configure the disk(s) to allow the creation of separate filesystems for /, /tmp, /var, /usr, and /home. Available disks are: wd0 sd0. Code:
Which one is the root disk? (or 'done') [done] wd0 Do you want to use *all* of wd0 for OpenBSD? [no] yes Putting all of wd0 into an active OpenBSD MBR partition (type 'A6')...done. Sub-partition OpenBSD MBR partition with 'disklabel' Code:
You will now create an OpenBSD disklabel inside the OpenBSD MBR Partition. The disklabel defines how OpenBSD splits up the MBR partition into OpenBSD partitions in which filesystems and swap space are created. The offsets used in the disklabel are ABSOLUTE, i.e. relative to the start of the disk, NOT the start of the OpenBSD MBR partition. # Inside MBR partition 3: type A6 start 63 size 4124673 Treating sectors 63-4124736 as the OpenBSD portion of the disk. You can use the 'b' command to change this. Initial label editor (enter '?' for help at any prompt) > p device: /dev/rwd0c type: ESDI disk: ESDI/IDE disk label: ST32122A bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 16 sectors/cylinder: 1008 cylinders: 4092 total sectors: 4124736 free sectors: 0 rpm: 3600 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 3999681 63 4.2BSD 2048 16384 328 b: 124992 3999744 swap c: 4124736 0 unused 0 0 > help Available commands: ? [cmnd] - this message or command specific help. a [part] - add new partition. b - set OpenBSD disk boundaries. c [part] - change partition size. D - set label to default. d [part] - delete partition. e - edit drive parameters. g [d|u] - use [d]isk or [u]ser geometry. M - show entire OpenBSD man page for disklabel. m [part] - modify existing partition. n [part] - set the mount point for a partition. p [unit] - print label. q - quit and save changes. r - recalculate free space. s [path] - save label to file. u - undo last change. w - write label to disk. X - toggle expert mode. x - exit without saving changes. z - zero out partition table. Numeric parameters may use suffixes to indicate units: 'b' for bytes, 'c' for cylinders, 'k' for kilobytes, 'm' for megabytes, 'g' for gigabytes or no suffix for sectors (usually 512 bytes). '%' for percent of total disk size, '&' for percent of free space. Non-sector units will be rounded to the nearest cylinder. Entering '?' at most prompts will give you (simple) context sensitive help. > q No label changes. Code:
Available disks are: sd0. Which one do you wish to initialize? (or 'done') [done] done Code:
OpenBSD filesystems: wd0a / The next step *DESTROYS* all existing data on these partitions! Are you really sure that you're ready to proceed? [no] yes /dev/rwd0a: 1953.0MB in 3999680 sectors of 512 bytes 10 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/wd0a on /mnt type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, ctime=Thu May 31 06:11:57 2007) Network Configuration Code:
System hostname? (short form, e.g. 'foo') diogenes Configure the network? [yes] Enter Available interfaces are: xl0. Which one do you wish to initialize? (or 'done') [xl0] Enter Symbolic (host) name for xl0? [diogenes] Enter The media options for xl0 are currently media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX full-duplex) Do you want to change the media options? [no] Enter IPv4 address for xl0? (or 'none' or 'dhcp') 192.168.222.16 Netmask? [255.255.255.0] Enter IPv6 address for xl0? (or 'rtsol' or 'none') [none] Enter No more interfaces to initialize. DNS domain name? (e.g. 'bar.com') [my.domain] utp.xnet DNS nameserver? (IP address or 'none') [none] 192.168.222.10 Use the nameserver now? [yes] Enter Default IPv4 route? (IPv4 address, 'dhcp' or 'none') 192.168.222.10 add net default: gateway 192.168.222.10 Edit hosts with ed? [no] Enter Do you want to do any manual network configuration? [no] Enter Code:
Password for root account? (will not echo) Password for root account? (again) Select USB flash drive device and directory Code:
Let's install the sets! Location of sets? (disk ftp http or 'done') [disk] Enter Is the disk partition already mounted? [no] Enter Available disks are: wd0 sd0. Which one contains the install media? (or 'done') [wd0] sd0 Pathname to the sets? (or 'done') [4.1/i386] snap INSTALL.i386 not found. Use sets found here anyway? [no] yes Choose file sets Code:
Select sets by entering a set name, a file name pattern or 'all'. De-select sets by prepending a '-' to the set name, file name pattern or 'all'. Selected sets are labelled '[X]'. [X] bsd [X] bsd.rd [ ] bsd.mp [X] base41.tgz [X] etc41.tgz [X] misc41.tgz [X] comp41.tgz [X] man41.tgz [ ] xbase41.tgz [ ] xetc41.tgz [ ] xshare41.tgz [ ] xfont41.tgz [ ] xserv41.tgz Set name? (or 'done') [bsd.mp] x* [X] bsd [X] bsd.rd [ ] bsd.mp [X] base41.tgz [X] etc41.tgz [X] misc41.tgz [X] comp41.tgz [X] man41.tgz [X] xbase41.tgz [X] xetc41.tgz [X] xshare41.tgz [X] xfont41.tgz [X] xserv41.tgz Set name? (or 'done') [bsd.mp] done Copying install sets from USB flash drive Code:
Ready to install sets? [yes] Enter Getting bsd ... 100% |**************************************************| 5970 KB 00:06 ETA Getting bsd.rd ... 100% |**************************************************| 4900 KB 00:05 ETA Getting base41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 41640 KB 00:56 ETA Getting etc41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 1211 KB 00:02 ETA Getting misc41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 2239 KB 00:02 ETA Getting comp41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 76949 KB 01:30 ETA Getting man41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 7485 KB 00:11 ETA Getting xbase41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 11676 KB 00:14 ETA Getting xetc41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 75570 00:00 ETA Getting xshare41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 2487 KB 00:07 ETA Getting xfont41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 34748 KB 00:52 ETA Getting xserv41.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 10105 KB 00:14 ETA Location of sets? (disk ftp http or 'done') [disk] done Miscellaneous configuration Code:
Start sshd(8) by default? [yes] Enter NTP server? (or 'none' or 'default') [none] 192.168.222.10 Do you expect to run the X Window System? [no] yes Change the default console to com0? [no] yes Available speeds are: 9600 19200 38400 57600 115200. Which one should com0 use? (or 'done') [9600] Enter Saving configuration files...done. Generating initial host.random file...done. Code:
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [Canada/Mountain] ?
Africa/ Chile/ GB-Eire Israel NZ-CHAT UCT
America/ Cuba GMT Jamaica Navajo US/
Antarctica/ EET GMT+0 Japan PRC UTC
Arctic/ EST GMT-0 Kwajalein PST8PDT Universal
Asia/ EST5EDT GMT0 Libya Pacific/ W-SU
Atlantic/ Egypt Greenwich MET Poland WET
Australia/ Eire HST MST Portugal Zulu
Brazil/ Etc/ Hongkong MST7MDT ROC posix/
CET Europe/ Iceland Mexico/ ROK posixrules
CST6CDT Factory Indian/ Mideast/ Singapore right/
Canada/ GB Iran NZ Turkey zone.tab
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [Canada/Mountain] Europe
What sub-timezone of 'Europe' are you in? ('?' for list) > ?
Amsterdam Chisinau Kiev Moscow Sarajevo Vatican
Andorra Copenhagen Lisbon Nicosia Simferopol Vienna
Athens Dublin Ljubljana Oslo Skopje Vilnius
Belfast Gibraltar London Paris Sofia Volgograd
Belgrade Guernsey Luxembourg Podgorica Stockholm Warsaw
Berlin Helsinki Madrid Prague Tallinn Zagreb
Bratislava Isle_of_Man Malta Riga Tirane Zaporozhye
Brussels Istanbul Mariehamn Rome Tiraspol Zurich
Bucharest Jersey Minsk Samara Uzhgorod
Budapest Kaliningrad Monaco San_Marino Vaduz
What sub-timezone of 'Europe' are you in? ('?' for list) Ansterdan
'Europe/Ansterdan' is not a valid timezone on this system.
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [Canada/Mountain] Europe/Amsterdam
Setting local timezone to 'Europe/Amsterdam'...done.
Boot block, halt and reboot Code:
Making all device nodes...done. Installing boot block... boot: /mnt/boot proto: /usr/mdec/biosboot device: /dev/rwd0c /usr/mdec/biosboot: entry point 0 proto bootblock size 512 /mnt/boot is 3 blocks x 16384 bytes fs block shift 2; part offset 63; inode block 24, offset 1576 using MBR partition 3: type 166 (0xa6) offset 63 (0x3f) done. CONGRATULATIONS! Your OpenBSD install has been successfully completed! To boot the new system, enter halt at the command prompt. Once the system has halted, reset the machine and boot from the disk. # halt syncing disks... done The operating system has halted. Please press any key to reboot. $Id: usb-install.xml,v 1.8 2007/06/26 23:15:09 j65nko Exp $ $Id: vbul-html.xsl,v 1.6 2007/06/27 04:49:57 j65nko Exp $
__________________
You don't need to be a genius to debug a pf.conf firewall ruleset, you just need the guts to run tcpdump
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31st July 2008
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Download
Download the 3 parts of the USBmediazine article (in HTML format) as a single .tgz file.
The command to unpack Code:
$ tar xvzf USBmediazine.tgz
__________________
You don't need to be a genius to debug a pf.conf firewall ruleset, you just need the guts to run tcpdump
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